Должно быть он не сделал ошибки

Другие языки

Modal Verbs

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) You can go, if you want to, of course, but could you
leave the boy here if only for half an hour?

2) The boy said,” I feel sick”. Can I have some more
orangeade?»

3) She can’t come tomorrow because they are going out
to visit Florence.

4) I simply could not refuse. They would have been hurt.

5) You can’t talk about correspondence,» the policeman
said. «That’s out?»

6) A little bit of boiled fish can’t hurt you, you know.

7) He was not old; he couldn’t have been more than forty.

But they can’t be as bad as you!

9) «Oh,» cried Fleur. «You can’t have done it!»

10) Can she have been waiting for us all this time?

11) No, Jackie. Mother said you can’t play with the knife.

12) Annie, as soon as we are gone, you can clear the table.

Exercise 2. Translate into English.

1) Здесь нельзя переходить улицу.

2) Неужели уже так поздно?

3) Не мог он вам этого сказать.

4) Можете взять книгу с собой.

5) Он мог решать такие задачи, когда ему
было восемь лет.

6) Карандашом писать нельзя.

7) Дайте мне, пожалуйста, ваш карандаш на минутку.

Покажите мне, пожалуйста, как пройти на Красную площадь.

9) Что же вы мне не сказали тогда?! Я бы мог вам купить эту книгу
в Ленинграде.

10) Вы бы не могли еще немножко подождать?

11) Нельзя так говорить со старшими.

12) Можете закончить это дома.

13) Конечно, он мог бы тебе помочь тогда.

Exercise 3. Translate into Russian.

1) I have to take my youngest to the kindergarten, other-
wise I could explain it to you now.

2) She could read fluently and expressively when she was six.

3) Of course, I could have taken the short cut across the birch grove, but I did not want to in the dark.

4) I could do it only because we had no lectures that day.

5) It’s only ten to five, I think we could do it if we ran all the way.

6) You could have done it quite well if you had only tried.

7) How can I describe it to you? — You could try.

There’s something wrong with your torch. 1 tried and tried, but I could not make it work.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences.

1) Can it be so late as all this? 2) Could he be speaking
the truth? 3) Surely it can’t be Jim? 4) But she could not
mean it. 5) It can’t be so difficult after all. 6) You could
not know this. 7) Can somebody be working against us?
Could she resent it? 9) Can she be trying to get out of the
deal? 10) Could it mean that we are too late?

Exercise 5. Translate into English.

1) Неужели вы его увидели? 2) Не мог он этого заметить. 3) Неужели они об этом узнали? 4) Неужели они проиграли? 5) Не мог он этого сказать.

6) Не может быть, чтобы он не одобрял вашего решения. 7) Не может
взрослый человек любить такие книги. Не может быть,
чтобы она вам об этом рассказала. 9) Не может быть, чтобы
она вам об этом не рассказывала. 10) Неужели он верит
этому? 11) Неужели он не верит этому? 12) Неужели было
так холодно?

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) Children may borrow books from the school library.
2) No one may be arrested or detained unless a lawful cause
is stated.

3) I may show him your reports later. I don’t know.

4) This term may be defined as ‘wrong done by one
man to another’.

5) You might just as well come in time.
7) Mother, may I have a glass of light beer?

I may have wrecked my own life, but I will
not let you wreck yours.

9) Justice may be slow, mother, but it comes in the end.

10) Certainly, a great deal may be done by means of cheap entertainment.

11) Ernest, we may never be married!

12) He may have written the letter, but the signature is certainly not
his.

13) It might have been worse.

14) May I come and see you?

Exercise 7.  Make up the sentences using the modal verb with the necessary form of the Infinitive.

1) Maybe, you will meet him at the station. 2) Maybe,
they left a note for us. 3) Maybe, she has forgotten all about
it. 4) Maybe, you have left your gloves at home. 5) Maybe,
we shall understand it later. 6) Maybe, the door was not
locked. 7) Maybe, they do not want us to come. Maybe,
she will write from the first station.

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1) You need not have shed any tears over that loss.

2) I need not have changed my suit.

3) He considered that this need not have taken place.

4) “I don’t want to get up” — “You don’t have to”.

5) We need not have hurried.

6) He did not have to go to the office. He
could do something about those roses at last.

7) On Sundays we did not have to do the milking.

Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences into English.

1) Можно было и не писать сочинения.

2) Он мог и не приходить. Все уже было сделано.

3) Не к чему было так волноваться.

4) Я мог это сделать только потому, что мне не надо было
идти в институт в среду.

5) Подумай только, можно было и не ходить туда.

6) Не к чему было покупать мне книгу, она есть в библиотеке.

7) Он жил у родственников, и ему не надо было платить за квартиру.

Exercise 10. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) You must be a fool to think so. 2) The work must have
been carried out in secret for quite a long time. 3) The
question must be solved before we can do anything. 4) Whatever you decide, you mustn’t stop coming. 5) Mind, you mustn’t
spend it all at once. 6) Sooner or later one has to choose.
7) They made such a noise that I had to send one of the boys
to put an end to it. I think you’ll have to take a taxi if
you mean to catch that train. 9) Go right in. You are to
report at once. 10) The jubilee is to be celebrated sometime
this summer. 11) We were to spend a week-end with my aunt
at Blackpool. 12) The day we were to start it rained worse
than ever. 13) You’re not to tell mother about it. 14) And
on no account are you to lay the table before twelve o’clock.

15) All right, do my hair like that, and if it doesn’t suit me,
you’ll simply have to restyle it. 16) But she must have seen
him! 17) Oh, Мае, think how she must be suffering! 18)
Is she waiting? She must have been waiting for an hour.
19) «Oh, come now. Auntie, he answered quite gently.
«You mustn’t talk like that.» 20) And remember, you must
come in and see the baby any time you can. 21) You’ll have
to go home now, Georgie. Go straight home. And you’re
not to come here anymore. Do you understand me? 22) You’re not to ask for it directly you see her wait a little.

Exercise 11. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) I was to wait for her in Yalta. 2) We were to go to the
pictures that afternoon. 3) They were to start on Monday.

4) He was to telephone the moment she was out of danger.

5) Roses were to be planted round the piece of water in the
center. 6) There was to be a discussion later on. 7) We were
to get there before the other party. He was to tell her
where to find us. 9) She was to graduate that year. 10) She
was to wear that dress at her graduation party.

Exercise 12. Translate into English.

1) Этой девушке суждено было стать моей матерью.
2) Я должна была передать ему часы его отца. Но он так
и не пришел. 3) Конечно, он должен стать музыкантом.
Это было решено еще до его рождения. 4) Вам придется
написать ему еще раз. 5) Им пришлось долго ждать
автобуса. 6) Мне не нужно будет сдавать этот экзамен.
7) Мне не надо было поливать цветы, потому что ночью
прошел дождь и земля была еще мокрая. 8)Ты могла и не
поливать цветы. Смотри, скоро пойдет дождь. 9) Чья оче-
редь? Кто должен идти за водой? 10) Тебе придется взять
пальто. Становится холоднее. 11) Я должен был отвезти
брату его вещи. Так мы договорились, когда он уходил.

12) Было уже поздно, и нам пришлось поехать на метро.

13) Подожди немного, я должна дочитать главу до конца.

14) Мне пришлось оставить все и поехать в больницу.

15) Вам придется зайти попозже. Ее еще нет. 16) Если ты
должна встретить маму с шестичасовым поездом, то тебе
надо спешить. 17) Тебе нечего торопиться. Она только что
позвонила и сказала, что выезжает. 18) Я хорошо отдох-
нула в воскресенье. Так как сочинение мое было уже го-
тово, мне не надо было заниматься. 19) Тебе обязательно
надо ехать сегодня? 20) Когда он должен приехать? Мы
договорились встретиться в восемь. 21) В семье все было
уже решено заранее. Я должна была поступить в меди-
цинский институт. Но я хотела заниматься только язы-
ками. 22) Оказывается, мне вовсе не надо было идти на
почту, а я столько времени потратил напрасно! 23) Врачом
он не стал. Война началась в тот год, когда он должен был
поступить в институт. 24) Если вы уже кончили, вам можно
и не оставаться.

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1) It must be raining. 2) She must be pleased about it.
3) She must be really fond of you. 4) They must be always
trying to help him. 5) She must know nothing about it.
6) She must be out shopping. 7) This must be the prettiest
garden in the village. She must be the youngest child
in her class. 9) Somebody must be trying to get you on the
phone. 10) The children must be at school now.

Exercise 14. Translate into Russian.

1) He must have taken it. 2) He had to take it. 3) He must
be trying to find the leak. 4) You must try to find the leak.
5) She must be the youngest child in this group. 6) If you
want to become a good football player, you must be an all
round athlete. 7) I had to read the letter twice before I un-
derstood it. He must have read the letter many times.
9) What must you think of me? 10) They must be talking
about us.

Exercise 15. Translate the following negative sentences into
English.

1) Должно быть, он не сделал ошибки. 2) Должно быть,
они не обедали. 3) Должно быть, она не имела опыта.
4) Должно быть, он не дал ответа. 5) Должно быть, они не
принимают мер. 6) Должно быть, она не обращает внима-
ния на это. 7) Должно быть, у них нет книг. Он, должно
быть, письма не получал. 9) Должно быть, денег за работу
они не получают. 10) Это, должно быть, не заняло много
времени.

Exercise 16. Fill in the blanks with must or may.

1) John … be still here. Here is his coat. 2) John … still
come. He … have been detained at the office. He some-

times is. 3) What a smell! The milk … have boiled over
again. 4) You … think I’m made of money. I gave you thirty
dollars on Monday, didn’t I? 5) One never knows with her,
she … feel offended if you don’t. (Ask her advice.) 6) I tell
you I left them (the keys) right here. I always do. Some-
body … have taken them. 7) She … not know about it. She
… have been out when they phoned. Nothing but a few
charred stones remained after the fire. The heat … have
been terrific. 9) It … be later than we thought the metro
isn’t running any longer. 10) There’s just a chance if we
hurry. We … catch the 8.15. 11) Don’t worry, darling. Things
… turn out better than you think. 12) After all it’s his job.
He … know what he is thinking about.

Exercise 17. Translate into Russian.

1) I’m afraid I must interfere now. 2) I had to interfere.

3) I’ll have to interfere. 4) At that moment she was to inter-
fere saying: «Are you Mr. Fenchurch?» 5) Whatever happens,
you’re not to interfere. 6) You mustn’t interfere. 7) If some-
thing like that happens, you are to interfere at once. Some-
one must be interfering. 9) You must have interfered.

Exercise 18. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) Any one found guilty of robbery shall be shot at once.

2) If you’re a good boy, you shall steer from time to time.

3) Why should he obey an order given him by a perfect
stranger? 4) She pointed to the gramophone. «Shall I show
you how to work it?» 5) I suppose I should have recognized
that she was ill. 6) He should not have taken the corner at
such speed. 7) They should have never married. He should
be. willing to take it. It’s just in his line. 9) Shall I pull the
blinds down? 10) It should be about five now. 11) The porter
saw him enter. He should be somewhere here. 12) I think we
should leave this young man behind. 13) But I think you
should try. 14) Why should he say so if he doesn’t mean it?

Exercise 19. Translate into English.

1) Открыть окно?

2) Сварить тебе кофе?

3) Ты получишь деньги обратно.

4) Чего ради он должен был тебе помогать?

5) Ему подождать вас?

6) Ему бы лучше не ехать сегодня.

7) Ты простудишься.

По-моему, тебе следует согласиться.

9) Мне начинать?

10) Как вы думаете, купить мне эту книгу?

Exercise 20. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1) Why should he help you?

2) Why should he like you?

3) Why should I believe you?

4) Why shouldn’t I take it?

5) Why shouldn’t he know about it?

6) Why shouldn’t we take the children?

7) Why should it rain?

Why should we ask her?

9) Why should she come?
10) Why should nobody help her?

Exercise 21. Translate into English.

1) Чего ради я должен помогать ей? 2) Почему он дол-
жен был опоздать? 3) Почему нам было не поехать? 4) По-
чему он должен был отказаться? 5) Зачем ему вас просить?
6) Почему он должен был это знать? 7) Чего ради мне здесь
оставаться? Зачем ему было запирать дверь? 9) Зачем
ей было рассказывать вам об этом? 10) Почему бы вам не
поехать туда?

Exercise 22. Make up the sentences using the appropriate modal verb (smth doesn’t function the way it should). Use the following words.

1) the chair, to fold; 2) the pen, to write; 3) the engine,
to start; 4) the key, to turn in the lock; 5) the figures, to
add; 6) the words, to make sense; 7) the wood, to burn; the

sun, to rise; 9) the jelly, to jell; 10) the broken bone, to set
properly.

Exercise 23. Translate into Russian.

1) You can leave town at once. 2) But for this I could
leave town at once. 3) You might at least leave town at once.
4) You should leave town at once I think. 5) Shall I leave
town at once? 6) You’ll have to leave town at once. 7) You
can’t leave town at once. Can he have left town at once?

9) He can’t have left town at once. 10) May I leave town
at once? 11) You are to leave town at once and wait for us
at the camp. 12) You are not to leave town at once. 13) You
should have left town at once. 14) You needn’t have left
town at once. 15) You needn’t leave town at once. 16) He
must have left town at once. 17) You will leave town at
once. 18) Will you leave town at once? 19) Could you leave
town at once? 20) I must leave town at once. 21) He will
have left town at once. 22) Why should he leave town at
once? 23) He would leave town at once as soon as it turned
warm. 24) He may leave town at once. 25) He may have
left town at once. 26) You may not leave town at once. 27) He
had to leave town at once.

Exercise 24. Replace the infinitives in brackets by using different forms of the infinitive.

1) These shoes are much too tight. You should (to take)
a size larger. 2) He stood there for a long time. He must
(to wait) for someone. 3) What is she doing? — She must
(to try) to find what’s wrong with the car. 4) She was wait-
ing for you the whole evening. You might (to telephone).
5) Cheer up! We might (to get) there in time yet. 6) But
she can’t (to disappear) just. Someone is sure to have seen
her. 7) I knew something would go wrong. We should (to
stay) the night at the motel. The way I told you. I have
never seen you look so sweet. You should always (to wear)
green. It goes with your hair. 9) Thank you ever so much.
But you needn’t (to bring) him all this way. We could (to
come) and fetched him away. 10) Tell the people in the waiting room they needn’t (to wait) any longer. He has just
phoned he won’t come.

Exercise 25. Translate into English.

1) Неужели он меня имел в виду? 2) Должно быть, уже
очень поздно. 3) Дайте мне, пожалуйста, пепельницу.
4) Вы бы не могли принести еще один стакан? 5) Нельзя  делать заметки на полях библиотечных книг. 6) Вы бы позвонили ей еще раз; может быть, она уже пришла. 7) Ты могла бы выключать радио, когда я занимаюсь. К следующему занятию сделайте 5-е упражнение в письменной
форме. 9) Не надо было писать ей об этом, она будет бес-
покоиться. 10) Мне можно было и не ходить. Это был до-
клад для студентов второго курса. 11) Вам придется подо-
ждать. 12) А когда он должен был прийти? 13) Чего ради
он должен тебе рассказывать о своих планах? 14) Ему
надо было ехать автобусом. 15) Скажите, пожалуйста,
который час? 16) Вчера мне пришлось пойти к зубному
врачу. 17) Здесь нельзя оставить машину. 18) У меня было
столько работы вчера. Право, ты мог бы мне помочь.

19) Можешь мне ничего не рассказывать. Я уже все знаю

20) Вот двенадцатый ряд. Должно быть, вот это и есть
наши места. 21) В окнах нет света. Должно быть, они легли
спать или, может быть, пошли в кино. 22) Это правило
надо писать на доске, иначе они могут записать его непра-
вильно. 23) Кому-то придется пойти вниз и позвонить ей.
Она еще, должно быть, дома. 24) Кто должен открывать
собрание?

Exercise 26. Translate into English.

1) Можете сейчас же уехать из города. 2) Если бы не

это я мог бы сейчас же уехать из города. 3) Вы могли бы
по крайней мере сейчас же уехать из города. 4) По-моему,
вам нужно сейчас же уехать из города. 5) Уехать мне из
Города сейчас же? 6) Вам придется сейчас же уехать из
| города. 7) Вам нельзя уезжать из города сейчас. Не-
ужели он сразу же уехал из города? 9) Не может быть,
чтобы он сразу же уехал из города. 10) Можно мне сейчас же
. уехать из города? 11) Сейчас же уезжайте из города и ждите

нас в лагере. 12) Не смейте сразу же уезжать из города.

13) Надо было сразу же уехать из города. 14) Можно было
Яне уезжать из города сразу. 15) Можете не уезжать из
города сразу. 16) Должно быть, он сразу уехал из города.
17) Вы немедленно уедете из города. 18) Уезжайте, пожа-
луйста, немедленно из города. 19) Вы не могли бы уехать
из  города сейчас же? 20) Мне нужно сейчас же уехать из
Огорода. 21) Должно быть, он сразу же уехал из города.
22) Чего ради ему сразу уезжать из города? 23) Он, бывало,
всегда уезжал из города, как только становилось жарко.

^

1. I feel I must (to do) something before it is too late. 2. You must (to follow) my advice. There is no other way out for you. 3. He saw an old woman sleeping soundly in Green Park. A shower was falling all the time, she must (to get) drenched to the skin. 4. “The hotels must (to do) a tremendous business,” old Jolyon thought. “A few years ago there had been none of these big hotels.” Then he thought of his son. “… If Jo were only with him. The boy must (to be) forty by now.” 5. She must (to be) angry with you. She does not even look in your direction. 6. She must (to get) angry with me. She left without saying good-bye. 7. Mary must (to be) ill, otherwise she would have come. 8. She turned pale. She must (get frightened).

XII. Translate into English.

1.Я должна прочесть эту книгу. 2. Она, должно быть, читает эту книгу. 3. Мама была больна, и мне пришлось готовить обед. 4. Должно быть, она готовила обед, когда пришел брат. 5. Я должен был зайти в деканат. 6. Должно быть, он заходил в деканат. 7. Вы должны поговорить с ней. 8. Должно быть, он сейчас разговаривает по- английски. 9. Мне пришлось написать об этом сестре. 10. Она, должно быть, написалэ сестре. 11. Она, должно быть, писала сестре, когда вы ее увидели.

XIII. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Она, должно быть, ждет нас в институте. 2. Она должна ждать нас в институте. 3. Доктор сказал, что он должен жить на юге. 4. Он, должно быть, живет на юге. 5. Он должен много читать вслух, чтобы исправить свое произношение. 6. Он, должно быть, много читает вслух; у него хорошее произношение. 7. Я должен оставаться здесь до зимы. 8. Она, должно быть, гостит у своих друзей, так как она писала, что проведет отпуск у них. 9. Они, должно быть, ждут меня, а я никак не могу дать им знать о себе. 10. Книга распродана; надо ее поискать в букинистических магазинах. 11. Он, по всей вероятности, забыл, что обещал прийти. 12. Они, наверно, пишут сочинение уже около двух часов и скоро должны закончить.

XIV. Rewrite the sentences in the past and in the future:

1. I must do my exercises. 2. He must be at the Institute at 9 o’clock. 3. You must learn the story by heart. 4. We must walk fast to get to the station in time. 5. She must do it at once. 6. I must wait for him.

^

1. Я должен пойти туда немедленно.
2. Я должен был (мне пришлось) остаться дома вчера.
3. Мы должны будем поехать туда завтра.
4. Надо мне идти туда сейчас же? – Да, надо. – Нет, не надо.
5. Ей, должно быть, около пятидесяти лет.
6. Он, должно быть, ждет вас сейчас.
7. Она, должно быть, потеряла ваш адрес.
8. Они, вероятно, вернулись уже в Москву.

XVI. Translate into Russian:

1. You must be a fool to think so. 2. Whatever you decide, you mustn’t stop coming. 3. Must everybody come? 4. Oh think, how she must be suffering!

5.Is she still waiting? She must have been waiting for an hour! 6. Must you really go? 7. Cough! Cough! Cough! You must have caught a cold! 8. No fishing line! They must have gone angling. 9. Here’s the money. Mind, you mustn’t spend it all at once. 10. She couldn’t do it on her own. Somebody must have helped her. 11. Let’s ask the host. Somebody must know her. 12.You mustn’t talk like that, Anny.
XVII. Translate into English:

1. Ты должен ждать меня здесь.
2. Я должен отдать ему деньги.
3. Он должно быть ждет меня внизу.
4. Мне обязательно возвращать деньги?
5. Вы должно быть давно ждете меня.
6. Он должно быть отдал все свои деньги.
7. Она должно быть будет ждать меня.
8. Он вероятно вернет деньги завтра.
9. Вас обязательно ждать?
10. Нельзя брать чужие деньги!
11. Здесь нельзя кричать.
12. Смотри, у нее красные глаза. Она должно быть плакала.
13. Дверь закрыта. Она наверняка сейчас плачет.
14. Ну вот, губы дрожат. Сейчас вероятно заплачет.
15. Я должна прочитать эту книгу.
16. Он должно быть читает эту книгу.
17. Он должно быть прочитал эту книгу.
18. Он должно быть не читал этой книги.

IV.

(SEE UNIT 2. UNIT 3.)

^

1. I had to do a lot of homework yesterday 2. She had to stay at home because she did not feel well. 3. Pete had to stay at home because it was very cold. 4. Mike had to write this exercise at school because he had not done it at home. 5. They had to call the doctor because the grandmother was ill. 6. Why did you have to stay at home yesterday? — Because my parents were not at home and I had to look after my little sister. 7. I have not written the composition. I shall have to write it on Sunday. 8. We did not have to buy biscuits because granny had baked a delicious pie. 9. Will you have to get up early tomorrow?

^

1. You must listen to the tape-recording of this text several times. 2. You must take your examination in English. 3. She can translate this article without a dictionary. 4. We can’t meet them at the station. 5. The doctor must examine the child. 6. He must work systematically if he wants to know French well. 7. This child must spend more time out in the open air. 8. I can’t recite this poem. 9. You must take part in this work. 10. He can’t join the party because he is busy.

III. Translate into English using must or have to:

1. Я должна пойти в магазин сегодня, сварить обед сделать уроки пойти в школу написать письмо брату

2. Мне придется пойти в магазин завтра, сварить обед сделать уроки пойти в школу написать письмо брату

3. Мне пришлось пойти в магазин вчера сварить обед сделать уроки пойти в школу написать письмо брату

4. Что вы должны сделать сегодня? Я должен сделать все упражнения.

5. Что вам придется сделать завтра? Мне придется поехать к бабушке.

6. Что вам пришлось сделать вчера? Мне пришлось принять его приглашение, он настаивал на этом.
^

Example:

You must switch on the radio.

(Past) You had to switch on the radio.

(Future) You’ll have to switch on the radio.
1. She must do the exercise again. (Past)

1. had 3. She 5. has 7. to2. again. 4. must 6. do 8. the exercise

2. While mother is absent I must cook our dinner. (Future)

1. have 3. ‘ll 5. While mother is absent 7. to 9. must2. our dinner. 4. cook 6. had 8. has 10. I

3. We must take the 8.30 train to arrive in time. (Past)

1. to 3. must 5. to arrive in time. 7. have2. the 8.30 train 4. We 6. Had 8. take

4. You must come to classes in time. (Past)

1. You 3. to 5. in time. 7. had2. have 4. to classes 6. come 8. must

5. He must revise all the rules before writing the test. (Future)

1. have 3. He 5. has 7. ‘ll 9. to2. before writing the test. 4. revise 6. all the rules 8. must 10. had

6. I must go to the laboratory after classes. (Past)

1. to the laboratory 3. has 5. have 7. must 9. ‘ll2. had 4. go 6. to 8. I 10. after classes.

7. We must discuss this question with our manager. (Future)

1. have 3. has 5. this question 7. ‘ll 9. with our manager.2. had 4. We 6. discuss 8. must 10. to

8. He must write an account of his work. (Past)

1. to 3. must 5. He 7. of his work. 9. has2. an account 4. ‘ll 6. have 8. had 10. Write
^
Model 1:
— Она, должно быть, не дала ему возможности возразить.
She must have given him no opportunity to object.

1. Должно быть, он не сделал ошибки. 2. Должно быть, они не обедали. 3. Должно быть, она не имела опыта. 4. Должно быть, он не дал ответа. 5. Должно быть, они не принимают мер. 6. Должно быть, она не обращает внимания на это. 7. Должно быть, у них нет книг. 8. Он, должно быть, не получил ответа. 9. Должно быть, денег за работу они не получили. 10. Она, должно быть, не старалась (take the trouble) сделать это правильно.

Model 2:
— Должно быть, он об этом не знал.
Evidently, he didn’t know about it.
— Он, вероятно, не знает.
He probably doesn’t know.

1. Должно быть, они еще не пришли. 2. Вероятно, они этого не знают. 3. По-видимому, это не было сделано вовремя. 4. Вероятно, это не здесь. 5. Это, должно быть, не заняло много времени. 6. Должно быть, он придет завтра.

^

1. Должно быть, он хорошо знает язык. 2. Должно быть, он еще здесь. 3. По-видимому, он унес бумаги с собой. 4. Очевидно, здесь уже кто-то был. 5. Вероятно, они над нами смеются. 6. Должно быть, они тогда жили здесь. 7. Должно быть, идет дождь. 8. Вероятно, дождь уже прекратился. 9. Должно быть, он как раз чинил пробки (fuse).

VII. Translate into English using the verb ‘to have’ in its modal meaning.

1. Мне сейчас приходится много работать, так как я болела и отстала от группы.
2. Вам придется поговорить с ним лично.
3. Нам пришлось переждать дождь на станции.
4. Я вынужден был извиниться, хотя мне это и было неприятно.
5. Книгу необходимо переплести, иначе некоторые страницы могут потеряться.
6. Вам приходится очень рано вставать, не так ли?

VIII. Choose the correct forms of must or have to:Начало формы

1. I _________be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably _________take a taxi if I want to be on time.
2. You _________submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. Check that the name, address, and background information are correct. If the form is not accurate and complete, you will be rejected and you will ______________reapply at a later date.
3. Tina: Look at these flowers — they’re beautiful! But, there’s no card. Who could have sent them?

Stephanie: It __________have been David. He’s the only one who would send you flowers.

1. You ____________forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
2. You ____________be so rude! Why don’t you try saying «please» once in a while.
3. If you are over 18 in California, you __________take a driver training course to get a driver’s license. You can have a friend or a family member teach you instead. But remember, you ___________still get your permit before you start practicing.
4. You ___________be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven’t got a penny to their name.
5. Ed: My car broke down in Death Valley last week. I ___________have it towed more than a hundred miles to the nearest mechanic.
   Lilly: That___________have cost a fortune!
6. While hiking in Alaska, you ____________keep an eye out for bears. If you see one, you ___________approach it. They are beautiful animals; however, they are wild and unpredictable in nature. You _____________be afraid of them, but educating yourself about the dangers can help keep you safe.
7. I ______________go to work tomorrow because it is Memorial Day. The best thing about a day off from work is that I ___________get up at 6:00; I can sleep in till noon if I want to.
8. Yesterday, I ___________cram all day for my French final. I didn’t get to sleep until after midnight.
9. Nate: Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport.
   Barbara: She_____________still be sitting there waiting for us.
10. Ingrid received a scholarship to Yale University which will cover 100% of the tuition. She ___________worry at all about the increasing cost of education.
11. When I was a child my grandmother was continually correcting our manners. She always used to say, «One __________eat with one’s mouth open.» Or, she would correct us by saying, «One ___________rest one’s elbows on the table.» And every time I wanted to leave the table, she would say, «One___________ask to be excused.»
12. I’ve redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book ______________be wrong!

^

1. I’m afraid I must interfere now. 2. I had to interfere. 3. I’ll have to interfere.

4. At that moment she was to interfere saying; “Are you Mr. Fenchurch?” 5.Whatever happens, you are not to interfere. 6. Thank God, I didn’t have to interfere. 7. Really, you shouldn’t have interfered, you’ve spoilt everything.

8.Someone must be interfering. 9. You must have interfered.10. If anything like this happens, you are to interfere at once. 11. He mustn’t interfere. 12. She can’t

have interfered, it’s not like her.
V.

(SEE UNIT 4. UNIT 12.)

^

1. I was to wait for her at the railway station. 2. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon. 3. They were to start on Monday. 4. He was to telephone the moment she was out of danger. 5. Roses were to be planted round the pond. 6. There was to be a discussion later on. 7. We were to get there before the others. 8. He was to tell her where to find us. 9. She was to graduate that year. 10. She was to wear that dress at the graduation party. 11. He is to come here at five o’clock. 12. The train was to leave at five-fifteen.
^

l. Go right in. You are to report at once. 2. The jubilee is to be celebrated sometime

this summer. 3. We were to spend a week-end with my aunt at Blackpool. 4. The

day we were to start it rained worse than ever. 5. You are not to tell the mother

about it. 6. And on no account you are to lay the table before twelve o’clock. 7. Go

straight home. And you are not to come here again. Do you understand me? 8.

You’re not to ask for it directly you see her, wait a little.
III. Use the appropriate form of the modal verb to be:

1. Sorry, I’ve got to rush. I…..to meet Mother at the station. 2. What… I to do if

she starts crying? 3. Who.. .to tell her all this? I for one don’t care to do that. 4. It

was all perfectly planned. We …. to wait on the steps. 5. Everything has been

arranged. You… not to have any wages the next six months. 6. She’s very excited

today. She .. ..to be taken to her very first party. 7. That is that. But who… to tell

her about it? 8.1 don’t like the idea…..I to stay here all the time?
^

1.Этой девушке суждено было стать моей матерью. 2. Я должна была

передать ему часы его отца, но он так и не пришел. 3. Худшее ещё должно

было произойти. 4. Мы должны были уехать в понедельник, но из-за болезни

поездку пришлось отложить. 5. И все это я должна сделать сама? 6.Я не знал,

кто должен быть моим попутчиком. 7. Этого следовало ожидать. 8. Было

слишком поздно что-либо менять. Всё должно было остаться как есть. 9. Вы

должны подготовить эту работу к среде. 10. Что должно выйти из этой

девочки?
^

1) The lecture is supposed to begin at eight. The lecture is to begin at eight.

2) I expect her to come and help. She is to come and help.

3) It was planned that we should wait for them at the door. We for them __________at the door.

4) It was arranged that he should meet her at the station. He ___________meet her at the station.

5) Who will take care of the children? Who take _________care of the children?

6) What am I supposed to do if they come too early? ______________________?

7) It was arranged that the youngest children would play on the beach. ________________________________________________________________.

We expect you to show the place to her. ______________________________.

9) I am expected to leave tomorrow at the latest. __________________________.

10) Where am I supposed to be taken? _________________________________?

11) This is Dora. It is arranged that she will share the room with you. ________________________________________________________________.

12) And who will do the cooking? ____________________________________?

13) It is expected that two more apartment houses will be built here. _______________________________________________________________.

14) It was arranged that the cup final would be played that afternoon. _________________________________________________________________.

15) Who will meet you at the station?___________________________________.

^

1. She … to send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. 2. They decided that she … to send them a telegram every tenth day. 3. You … to learn all the new words for the next lesson. 4. Do you know this man? He … to be our new teacher of history. 5. Who … to go to the library to get the new books? I was, but I couldn’t because I … to finish some work at the phonetic laboratory. 6. It is raining. You … to put on your raincoat. 7. «The patient … to stay in bed for a few days,» ordered the doctor. 8. The child had stomach trouble and … to take castor oil. 9. I told her she … to open the window for a while every day. 10. The agreement was that if Johnny White could not repay the money he had borrowed, then Luke Flint … to have the right to sell the land. 11. If I don’t ring up before six o’clock, then you … to go to the concert hall alone and wait for me at the entrance. Is that clear? 12. The planters … to gather their cotton at once, as they had been warned that heavy rains were expected. 13. I … to wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak. 14. Johnny White … to borrow from Luke Flint at a high interest, for there was no one else in the district who lent money. 15. «Cheating is a very nasty thing,»‘ said the teacher, «and we … to get rid of it.»

VII. Put in tо have to or to be to:

1. Where … the lecture to take place? I suppose in the assembly hall. 2. So, our plan is as follows: I … to go to the library and bring the books. You … to look through all the material here. Later we … to work together. 3. «You … to do it alone, without anybody’s help,» she said sternly. 4. I … to help my friends with this work now, so I cannot go with you. 5. It was raining hard and we … to wait until it stopped raining. 6. 1 … to ask him about it tomorrow, as today he has already gone. 7. Why didn’t you tell me that I … to buy the books? 8. According to the order of the schoolmistress all the pupils … to return the library books before the twenty-third of May. 9. As we had agreed before, we … to meet at two o’clock to go to the stadium together. But Mike did not come. I waited for another half-hour, but then I … to leave as I was afraid to be late. 10. The meeting … to begin at five o’clock. Don’t be late.

VIII. Translate into English using the right forms of to have to или to be to:

1.Вам предстоит выучить это стихотворение к среде. 2. Мне задали выучить это стихотворение к среде. 3. Мне пришлось выучить это стихотворение к среде. 4. Мне придется выучить это стихотворение к среде. 5. Ему приходится учить это стихотворение сегодня, так как он не выучил его вчера. 6. Вам не придется учить это стихотворение. 7. Мне не пришлось учить это стихотворение. 8. Так как он выучил это стихотворение вчера, ему не нужно учить его теперь. 9. На этой неделе нам предстоит встретиться с выдающимся ученым. 10. Выхода не было, и ему пришлось заплатить штраф. 11. Мне было задано написать сочинение о творчестве Пушкина, а для этого мне пришлось перечитать некоторые из его произведений, которые я плохо помнил. 12. Мне придется посидеть дома это дни. Врач говорит, что я не должен никуда выходить, пока температура не будет нормальной. 13. Посидите здесь, пока он занят. Я думаю, вам не придется долго ждать. 14. Спектакль должен был начаться в семь часов. 15. Мы должны были отложить поездку, так как погода испортилась. 16. Если вы хотите хорошо овладеть языком, вы должны очень много читать. 17. По новому расписанию у нас будет пять уроков английского языка в неделю. 18. Мы решили, что все должны принять участие в концерте. 19. Рано или поздно вам придется пойти к врачу. 20. В будущем году мы должны начать изучение астрономии. 21. Чтобы разработать новую теорию, ученые должны были провести бесчисленные опыты.
VI.

(SEE UNIT 4. UNIT 5.)
^

1.He needs sea air. 2. We don’t need anything else. 3. I need not to finish my sentence, for already know what I was going to say. 4. Need it be finished by Saturday? 5. What more do you need? 6. She need to say no more to him this evening, and risk giving herself away. 7. You needn’t have carried all these parcels yourself. The shop would have delivered if you asked them. 8. You needn’t take any more pills after next morning. 9. I must go at once, but you needn’t. 10. You needn’t have waited for me, I could have found the way all right. 11. Looking back I can see exactly how it happened. It need never have happened. 12. And he was always careful to have money in his pocket, and to be modish in his dress, so that his son need not blush for him.
^

Note: didn’t have to означает, что действие не было выполнено; needn’t have означает, что действие было выполнено, но этого не надо было делать)

1. You…..(to bring) your umbrella, as we are going by car. 2. You …. (to water) the flowers, asit is going to rain. 3. I ….(to translate) it for him, he did it himself, he understands Latin. 4. I ….(to answer) the questions, which saved me a lot of trouble. 5. I knew I … (to lock) the door after me, but how was I to know you wanted to come out, too? 6. I…… (to ring) the bell because the door opened before I got to it. 7. I….. (to help) them at all, they themselves knew what to do. 8. I… (to write) him because the news was already known to him. He phoned me shortly afterwards. 9. You …..(to listen) to him. His information was misleading. 10. You… (to buy) such a lot of flowers. We’ve already got more than necessary. 11. He …..( to get up) so early every day. It was only on that particular occasion that he did. 12. You ….(to say) if you didn’t want to. We could have done without you just as well.
III. Translate into English using needn’t have / didn’t have to:

1.Мне не пришлось ему помогать, он сам справился.

Можно было бы ему и не помогать, он бы и сам справился.

2.Не нужно было вставать рано, такси будет только в 10.

Мне не пришлось вставать рано, Алекс подвез нас на своей машине.

3.Ему не понадобилось переписывать работу, она была принята сразу.

Не было необходимости переписывать работу, вы только зря потратили

время.

4.Не надо было волноваться, он пришел вовремя.

Ему не пришлось волноваться, директор сразу принял его.

^

1. I needn’t have phoned the plumber, I learnt later than John had already phoned him. (phone)
2. I____________________________ the plumber. I knew John had already phoned him. (phone)
3. You _________________________ your umbrella after all. It hasn’t rained. (bring)
4. The forecast was for fine weather so I knew I ____________________ my umbrella. (bring)
5. I ______________________these clothes. I didn’t know they had already been washed.(wash)
6. I _______________________ a meal last night because we went out and the food I prepared was uneaten. (cook)

VII.

(SEE UNIT 4. UNIT 5. UNIT 6. UNIT 12)
^

1.I think for your wife’s and children’s sake you ought to have a try. 2. We all know that things are not always what they ought to be. 3. Have I said anything I oughtn’t? 4.” I ought to have told Soames”, he thought. 5. I suppose she is right. I oughtn’t to have tried to speak to her! 6.It’ll be lovely round there today. – Yes, it ought to be quite nice. 7. It is the last of the Madeira (wine) I had from Mr. Jolyon when we came in here; it ought to be in prime condition still.
^

Example: I felt it would be only proper to follow his advice.

I felt I ought to follow his advice.

1.I knew it would be improper if I opened the letter. 2. I recommended you to finish your work before going out. 3. I advise you not to eat between meals; it will make you fat. 4. I disapprove of your smoking so much; you are wasting your money and doing harm to your health. 5. It’s a pity I didn’t take those books back to the library last week. 6. It was wrong of you not to tell our guide that you wanted to go sightseeing all by yourself. 7. You didn’t wait till the lights were green before crossing the road, and it was wrong, you know. 8. It was unreasonable of you to have crossed the road when the lights were red. 9. I wish you had been there. The performance was wonderful. 10. If he starts at eight he will probably be there by one o’clock.
III. Fill in the blanks with ought to, have to, be or need followed by the appropriate infinitive:

1. Mother always tells me that I ____________ (to be) more careful.

2. You_____________not (to tell) him telephone number, he knows it.

3. You _______________ not (to say) that! See how distressed she is.

4. I don’t want to do it, but I ____________________.

5. All the same, I think you ________________(to see) a doctor. There must be something the matter with you.

6. Don’t forget that you ______________(to get up) at seven!

7. But there was no other way out. I ________________________(to communicate) with him. No one else knew his address.

8. Such things __________________not (to be allowed).

9. You _____________________not (to write) such a long composition. The teacher only asked for 200 words, and you have written 400.

10. ‘Perhaps I __________________ not (to trouble) you.’ He closed his lips tight. He was offened.
^

1. They ________________ to go to school together.
2. The child ____________________to take care of the kitten.
3. You ______________________not to quarrel with your parents.
4. ________________I to start the project alone?
5. Who _____________ to find it out?
6. I thought we _____________________________to leave immediately.
7. I think you _________________to take part in the conference next year.
8. Where ____________________________________ to look for that man?
9. You ___________________________________ never to talk to strangers.
10. My mother said that I ________________________(not) to look for troubles.

^

1. Mike oughts to know the truth.
2. We ought to ignore their offences.
3. Ought I to solve the problem?
4. You don’t ought to dress up for this party.
5. Do we ought to write a report?
6. How ought I to get there?
7. Who oughts to take the responsibility?
8. I realized that I didn’t ought to leave her alone.
9. The teacher said that the students ought to pass the test.
10. You oughtn`t to be so rude to women.

VIII.

(SEE UNIT 3. UNT 6. UNIT 7.)
^

1.I’ve got a headache.AYou shouldn’t sit so close to the TV.

2.I’m cold.BYou should do some exercise.

3.The game starts at three o’clock.CYou should stay in bed.

4.He’s always tired in the morning.DHe shouldn’t stay up so late.

5.I don’t feel well.EYou should put on a jumper.

6.I want to lose weight.FWe should leave at two-thirty.
^ the sentences using the verbs in brackets followed by that… should as in the example.

Example: «Let’s go to the cinema,» they said to us (suggest). They suggested that we should go to the cinema.

1. «You must visit us,» they said to me (insist).

2. «I’ll pay for the damage,» I said to him (agree).

3. «Why don’t you sell your car?» I said to my friend (suggest).

4. «You must buy a larger dictionary,» the teacher said to me (suggest).

5. «Please, give my money back,» I said to the shop-assistant (insist).

6. «Stay in bed for a few days,» the doctor said to me (recommend).

7. «Why don’t you give up smoking?» the doctor said to him (advise).

8. «Won’t you come up?» She asked (suggest).

9. «Tell me what you would like me to do,» Ann said (propose).
III. Put «should” or “shouldn’t” in the spaces. Translate the sentences into Russian. Watch the meaning of “should”/”shouldn’t”.

1. You______ work more; you_______ miss the lessons. 2. Mothers_______ look after their children. 3. What are you doing here? You________ be in bed. It is very late. 4. That hat doesn’t suit you; you_______ buy another. 5. There are too many accidents. Everyone _____ be much more careful. 6. You_______ have followed the instructions of your coach. Then you would have won the game. 7. Tom was often late and his father told him that he _____ wake up earlier. 8. She told her children that they_______ always say “Please” and “Thank you”. 9. It is dark in the room, you switch on the light.
^

1. I don’t feel well now. I should (remember) to take the medicine yesterday. 2. Children should (obey) their parents. 3. It’s three o’clock and I’m feeling very hungry; I should (eat) more for lunch. 4. The little boy was playing with his father’s typewriter and of course he broke it; he shouldn’t (allow) him to play with it. 5. You have a weak heart. You shouldn’t (run). 6.1 was very tired last summer and I should (take) a holiday, but there was too much work to do. 7. When he went for a walk he should (take) his umbrella, it looked like rain (but he didn’t). 8. The workmen are very slow; the job should (finish) a week ago. 9. You shouldn’t (eat) so much bread, now you’ve gained weight. 10. You shouldn’t (go) out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold. 11. You should (cross) the road by the subway (but you didn’t). 12. He should (check) that his brakes were working properly (but he didn’t). 13. You should (warn) him that the ice was dangerous (but you didn’t). 14. Tom’s had another accident. It sounds like Tom’s fault. He should (wait) till the main road was clear.

^

1. Your questions surprise me, you_____ (know) this. 2. You_______ (to be) absent for such a long time. Everyone forgot you. 3. Though it is a very unpleasant mission, I feel I_______ (tell) you the truth. 4. We had a wonderful time at that party. You_________ (to be) there. 5. Let’s tell him all as it is. He_____ (understand). 6. You_______ (apologize) when you saw that his feelings were hurt. 7. She is a very experienced doctor. You________________ (to consult) her. 8. She________ (not to say) such things in the child’s presence. Now you see the results. 9.1_______ (know) that it might come to that. 10. If they had been warned in time, they_______ (be) there by now. 11. He gave you just the feeling of assurance, of confidence that a doctor______ (to give).

^

1. a) You look fresh! You______ have had a good sleep at night.

b) You look tired! You ______ have a good sleep at night.

2. a) They______ have studied the subject more thoroughly; they will regret it later on.

b) They______ have studied the subject thoroughly; they answered every question.

3. a) You______ have ignored the traffic regulations. That’s why you were fined.

b) You______ have followed the traffic regulations, then you would not have been fined.

4. a) He______ be working at his problem now.

b) He______ work at the problem, it hasn’t been solved yet.

5. a) I______ have taken Grandfather’s spectacles. I cannot see anything through them.

b) I______ have taken my opera-glasses. I don’t see anything.

VII. Use “should” or “had (to)” with the correct form of infinitive in brackets.

1. I______ (to send) a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. You_________ (to remind) me to do it earlier. 2.1______ not (to tell) him the news; he was so much upset, but I really______ (to do) so, for the circumstances demanded it. 3. The agreement was that if Johny White could not repay the money he had borrowed, then Luke Flint______ (to have) the right to sell the land. 4. It was very hard work but we________ (to do) it. 5. She________ (not to let) it pass like that, she______ (to explain) to him that he was wrong. 6. Although it was unpleasant to her, she (to tell) him that he was wrong.

VIII. Define the meaning of must, should, ought. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. You really must work harder if you want to pass your exams.

2. Dan is too tired. He should not drive really.

3.I feel sick. I should not have eaten so much ice-cream.

4. It’s a very good book. You ought to read it.

5. You must move your car. It blocks the way.

6. He ought to have passed his driving test easily.

7. Why should I do the cooking?

8. It smells of the sea. So it should. That’s the old sea wall.

9. Kate should be happy. She’s passed her exam.

10. The baby oughtn’t to play with a box of matches.
XIX. Somebody is coming to your city. What should they see and do? Use should and ought to.

1. come during white nights

2. stay at least for a week

3. book a room in advance

4. choose a hotel in the centre of the city

5. go to the suburbs such as …

6. buy souvenirs in the largest department store

7. sail in a water tram along rivers and canals

8. have a night walk along the embankment

9. visit the world famous museum Hermitage
^

1. Вам следует еще раз обсудить это предложение.

2. Почему он должен хвалить мою работу?

3. Тебе нужно взять плащ. Может быть дождь.

4. Вам не следует курить здесь.

5. Он сделал много ошибок в диктанте. Поэтому ему нужно его переписать.

6. Дети должны были уже лечь спать.

7. Откуда мне знать, что его нет на занятиях.

8. Вам не следовало покупать эти туфли.

9. Детям следует раньше ложиться спать.

10. Им следовало бы посмотреть эту коллекцию, когда они были в Москве.

11. Вам нужно было давно сказать мне, что вам нужна эта книга.

12. Я требую, чтобы его спросили еще раз.

13. Ему не стоило бы разговаривать с боссом в таком тоне.
^

Model: I didn’t buy the book. — You should have bought it.

1. She took the child to the pictures. 2. We forgot to leave a message for her. 3.

We didn’t wait for them. 4. So I told her to her face that she was not welcome here.

4. I haven’t seen the film. I was too busy to go. 5. I’m afraid I ate too much

yesterday evening. 6.1 didn’t have a pen and I wrote it down in pencil. 7.1 bought

a pair of expensive red shoes yesterday. 8. She loves Tom but she married Bill.

IX.

(See UNIT 7. UNIT 8. UNIT 9. UNIT 10)

^

1. You shall not search my rooms. You have no right to do it. I forbid you! 2. He hasn’t seen you and he shan’t. 3. The police shall take you up. 4. All right; if she wants to be opened up, she shall be. 5. You shall go up and down and round the town in a taxi every day. 6. You shall have all the news I can send you. 7. ‘Shall I order a taxi?’ he asked. 8. That shall be put an end to now and for ever.
^

1.’Did you phone Ruth?’ ‘Oh? No,

I phone/I’ll phone her now.’

2. I can’t meet you tomorrow afternoon. I’m playing/I’ll play tennis.

3. ‘I meet/I’ll meet you outside the hotel in half an hour, OK?’ ‘Yes, that’s fine.’

4.‘I need some money.’ ‘OK, I’m lending/I’ll you some. How much do you need?’

5. I’m having/I’ll have a party next Friday. I hope you can come.

6. ‘Remember to buy a newspaper when you go out.’ ‘OK. I don’t forget/I won’t forget.’

7. What time does your train leave/will your train leave tomorrow evening?

8. I asked Sue what happened but she doesn’t tell/won’t tell me.

9. ‘Are you doing/Will you do anything tomorrow?’ ‘No, I’m free. Why?’

10. I don’t want to go out alone. Do you come/Will you come with me?

11/ It’s a secret between us. I promise I don’t tell/I won’t tell anybody.

III. Translate the sentences into English using should or would:

1.Он предложил, чтобы собрание было назначено на пятницу. 2. Мы спросили маму, не возражает ли она против поездки за город на машине. 3. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы ты не спорила с отцом. 4. С какой стати я стану ему помогать? Он просто ленится и все может сделать сам. 5. Удивительно, как некоторые дети невнимательны к своим родителям! 6. Не будете ли вы любезны немного подождать? Ваши документы еще не готовы. 7. Нам хотелось бы узнать некоторые детали, но он не стал ничего обсуждать с нами. Мы были разочарованы. 8. Принести вам стакан воды? – Да, если вы будете так любезны. 9. Если она вдруг спросит вас об этом, скажите, что я обо всем напишу. 10. Я, пожалуй, почитаю с полчасика перед сном. У меня интересная книга. 11. Как я ни старался, ящик не выдвигался. 12. Детям следовало бы остаться дома. 13. Зачем мне делать то, что мне не нравится? – Неважно, нравится ли тебе это или нет. 14. Доктор настаивает на том, чтобы она строго соблюдала диету.
^

1. You and your friend want to do something this evening but you don’t know what. You ask your friend: What shall we do this evening?
2. You try on a jacket in a shop. You are not sure whether to buy it or no. You ask your friend:_____________________________________?
3. You and your friend are going on holiday together but you haven’t decided where. You ask him:_____________________________________?
4. You and your friend are going out. You haven’t decided whether to go by car or to walk. You ask:____________________________________?
5. Your friend wants you to phone later. You don’t know what time to phone. You ask:__________________________________________?

XI. Combine the verb ‘must’ with the proper form of the infinitive in brackets.

1. I feel I must (to do) something before it is too late. 2. You must (to follow) my advice. There is no other way out for you. 3. He saw an old woman sleeping soundly in Green Park. A shower was falling all the time, she must (to get) drenched to the skin. 4. “The hotels must (to do) a tremendous business,” old Jolyon thought. “A few years ago there had been none of these big hotels.” Then he thought of his son. “… If Jo were only with him. The boy must (to be) forty by now.” 5. She must (to be) angry with you. She does not even look in your direction. 6. She must (to get) angry with me. She left without saying good-bye. 7. Mary must (to be) ill, otherwise she would have come. 8. She turned pale. She must (get frightened).

XII. Translate into English.

1.Я должна прочесть эту книгу. 2. Она, должно быть, читает эту книгу. 3. Мама была больна, и мне пришлось готовить обед. 4. Должно быть, она готовила обед, когда пришел брат. 5. Я должен был зайти в деканат. 6. Должно быть, он заходил в деканат. 7. Вы должны поговорить с ней. 8. Должно быть, он сейчас разговаривает по- английски. 9. Мне пришлось написать об этом сестре. 10. Она, должно быть, написалэ сестре. 11. Она, должно быть, писала сестре, когда вы ее увидели.

XIII. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Она, должно быть, ждет нас в институте. 2. Она должна ждать нас в институте. 3. Доктор сказал, что он должен жить на юге. 4. Он, должно быть, живет на юге. 5. Он должен много читать вслух, чтобы исправить свое произношение. 6. Он, должно быть, много читает вслух; у него хорошее произношение. 7. Я должен оставаться здесь до зимы. 8. Она, должно быть, гостит у своих друзей, так как она писала, что проведет отпуск у них. 9. Они, должно быть, ждут меня, а я никак не могу дать им знать о себе. 10. Книга распродана; надо ее поискать в букинистических магазинах. 11. Он, по всей вероятности, забыл, что обещал прийти. 12. Они, наверно, пишут сочинение уже около двух часов и скоро должны закончить.

XIV. Rewrite the sentences in the past and in the future:

1. I must do my exercises. 2. He must be at the Institute at 9 o’clock. 3. You must learn the story by heart. 4. We must walk fast to get to the station in time. 5. She must do it at once. 6. I must wait for him.

XV. Translate into English using the correct form of must:

1. Я должен пойти туда немедленно.
2. Я должен был (мне пришлось) остаться дома вчера.
3. Мы должны будем поехать туда завтра.
4. Надо мне идти туда сейчас же? – Да, надо. – Нет, не надо.
5. Ей, должно быть, около пятидесяти лет.
6. Он, должно быть, ждет вас сейчас.
7. Она, должно быть, потеряла ваш адрес.
8. Они, вероятно, вернулись уже в Москву.

XVI. Translate into Russian:

1. You must be a fool to think so. 2. Whatever you decide, you mustn’t stop coming. 3. Must everybody come? 4. Oh think, how she must be suffering!

5.Is she still waiting? She must have been waiting for an hour! 6. Must you really go? 7. Cough! Cough! Cough! You must have caught a cold! 8. No fishing line! They must have gone angling. 9. Here’s the money. Mind, you mustn’t spend it all at once. 10. She couldn’t do it on her own. Somebody must have helped her. 11. Let’s ask the host. Somebody must know her. 12.You mustn’t talk like that, Anny.
XVII. Translate into English:

1. Ты должен ждать меня здесь.
2. Я должен отдать ему деньги.
3. Он должно быть ждет меня внизу.
4. Мне обязательно возвращать деньги?
5. Вы должно быть давно ждете меня.
6. Он должно быть отдал все свои деньги.
7. Она должно быть будет ждать меня.
8. Он вероятно вернет деньги завтра.
9. Вас обязательно ждать?
10. Нельзя брать чужие деньги!
11. Здесь нельзя кричать.
12. Смотри, у нее красные глаза. Она должно быть плакала.
13. Дверь закрыта. Она наверняка сейчас плачет.
14. Ну вот, губы дрожат. Сейчас вероятно заплачет.
15. Я должна прочитать эту книгу.
16. Он должно быть читает эту книгу.
17. Он должно быть прочитал эту книгу.
18. Он должно быть не читал этой книги.

IV.

(SEE UNIT 2. UNIT 3.)

I. Translate into Russian:

1. I had to do a lot of homework yesterday 2. She had to stay at home because she did not feel well. 3. Pete had to stay at home because it was very cold. 4. Mike had to write this exercise at school because he had not done it at home. 5. They had to call the doctor because the grandmother was ill. 6. Why did you have to stay at home yesterday? — Because my parents were not at home and I had to look after my little sister. 7. I have not written the composition. I shall have to write it on Sunday. 8. We did not have to buy biscuits because granny had baked a delicious pie. 9. Will you have to get up early tomorrow?

II. Rewrite the sentences: 1) in the past; 2) in the future. времени. Replace modal verbs can and must equivalents where it is necessary.

1. You must listen to the tape-recording of this text several times. 2. You must take your examination in English. 3. She can translate this article without a dictionary. 4. We can’t meet them at the station. 5. The doctor must examine the child. 6. He must work systematically if he wants to know French well. 7. This child must spend more time out in the open air. 8. I can’t recite this poem. 9. You must take part in this work. 10. He can’t join the party because he is busy.

III. Translate into English using must or have to:

1. Я должна пойти в магазин сегодня, сварить обед сделать уроки пойти в школу написать письмо брату

2. Мне придется пойти в магазин завтра, сварить обед сделать уроки пойти в школу написать письмо брату

3. Мне пришлось пойти в магазин вчера сварить обед сделать уроки пойти в школу написать письмо брату

4. Что вы должны сделать сегодня? Я должен сделать все упражнения.

5. Что вам придется сделать завтра? Мне придется поехать к бабушке.

6. Что вам пришлось сделать вчера? Мне пришлось принять его приглашение, он настаивал на этом.
IV. Rewrite the sentences in the past or the future.

Example:

You must switch on the radio.

(Past) You had to switch on the radio.

(Future) You’ll have to switch on the radio.
1. She must do the exercise again. (Past)

1. had 3. She 5. has 7. to2. again. 4. must 6. do 8. the exercise

2. While mother is absent I must cook our dinner. (Future)

1. have 3. ‘ll 5. While mother is absent 7. to 9. must2. our dinner. 4. cook 6. had 8. has 10. I

3. We must take the 8.30 train to arrive in time. (Past)

1. to 3. must 5. to arrive in time. 7. have2. the 8.30 train 4. We 6. Had 8. take

4. You must come to classes in time. (Past)

1. You 3. to 5. in time. 7. had2. have 4. to classes 6. come 8. must

5. He must revise all the rules before writing the test. (Future)

1. have 3. He 5. has 7. ‘ll 9. to2. before writing the test. 4. revise 6. all the rules 8. must 10. had

6. I must go to the laboratory after classes. (Past)

1. to the laboratory 3. has 5. have 7. must 9. ‘ll2. had 4. go 6. to 8. I 10. after classes.

7. We must discuss this question with our manager. (Future)

1. have 3. has 5. this question 7. ‘ll 9. with our manager.2. had 4. We 6. discuss 8. must 10. to

8. He must write an account of his work. (Past)

1. to 3. must 5. He 7. of his work. 9. has2. an account 4. ‘ll 6. have 8. had 10. Write
V. Translate the following negative sentences into English.
Model 1:
— Она, должно быть, не дала ему возможности возразить.
She must have given him no opportunity to object.

1. Должно быть, он не сделал ошибки. 2. Должно быть, они не обедали. 3. Должно быть, она не имела опыта. 4. Должно быть, он не дал ответа. 5. Должно быть, они не принимают мер. 6. Должно быть, она не обращает внимания на это. 7. Должно быть, у них нет книг. 8. Он, должно быть, не получил ответа. 9. Должно быть, денег за работу они не получили. 10. Она, должно быть, не старалась (take the trouble) сделать это правильно.

Model 2:
— Должно быть, он об этом не знал.
Evidently, he didn’t know about it.
— Он, вероятно, не знает.
He probably doesn’t know.

1. Должно быть, они еще не пришли. 2. Вероятно, они этого не знают. 3. По-видимому, это не было сделано вовремя. 4. Вероятно, это не здесь. 5. Это, должно быть, не заняло много времени. 6. Должно быть, он придет завтра.

VI. Translate into English:

1. Должно быть, он хорошо знает язык. 2. Должно быть, он еще здесь. 3. По-видимому, он унес бумаги с собой. 4. Очевидно, здесь уже кто-то был. 5. Вероятно, они над нами смеются. 6. Должно быть, они тогда жили здесь. 7. Должно быть, идет дождь. 8. Вероятно, дождь уже прекратился. 9. Должно быть, он как раз чинил пробки (fuse).

VII. Translate into English using the verb ‘to have’ in its modal meaning.

1. Мне сейчас приходится много работать, так как я болела и отстала от группы.
2. Вам придется поговорить с ним лично.
3. Нам пришлось переждать дождь на станции.
4. Я вынужден был извиниться, хотя мне это и было неприятно.
5. Книгу необходимо переплести, иначе некоторые страницы могут потеряться.
6. Вам приходится очень рано вставать, не так ли?

VIII. Choose the correct forms of must or have to:Начало формы

1. I _________be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably _________take a taxi if I want to be on time.
2. You _________submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. Check that the name, address, and background information are correct. If the form is not accurate and complete, you will be rejected and you will ______________reapply at a later date.
3. Tina: Look at these flowers — they’re beautiful! But, there’s no card. Who could have sent them?

Stephanie: It __________have been David. He’s the only one who would send you flowers.

1. You ____________forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
2. You ____________be so rude! Why don’t you try saying «please» once in a while.
3. If you are over 18 in California, you __________take a driver training course to get a driver’s license. You can have a friend or a family member teach you instead. But remember, you ___________still get your permit before you start practicing.
4. You ___________be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven’t got a penny to their name.
5. Ed: My car broke down in Death Valley last week. I ___________have it towed more than a hundred miles to the nearest mechanic.
   Lilly: That___________have cost a fortune!
6. While hiking in Alaska, you ____________keep an eye out for bears. If you see one, you ___________approach it. They are beautiful animals; however, they are wild and unpredictable in nature. You _____________be afraid of them, but educating yourself about the dangers can help keep you safe.
7. I ______________go to work tomorrow because it is Memorial Day. The best thing about a day off from work is that I ___________get up at 6:00; I can sleep in till noon if I want to.
8. Yesterday, I ___________cram all day for my French final. I didn’t get to sleep until after midnight.
9. Nate: Oh no! I completely forgot we were supposed to pick Jenny up at the airport.
   Barbara: She_____________still be sitting there waiting for us.
10. Ingrid received a scholarship to Yale University which will cover 100% of the tuition. She ___________worry at all about the increasing cost of education.
11. When I was a child my grandmother was continually correcting our manners. She always used to say, «One __________eat with one’s mouth open.» Or, she would correct us by saying, «One ___________rest one’s elbows on the table.» And every time I wanted to leave the table, she would say, «One___________ask to be excused.»
12. I’ve redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book ______________be wrong!

IX. Translate into Russian:

1. I’m afraid I must interfere now. 2. I had to interfere. 3. I’ll have to interfere.

4. At that moment she was to interfere saying; “Are you Mr. Fenchurch?” 5.Whatever happens, you are not to interfere. 6. Thank God, I didn’t have to interfere. 7. Really, you shouldn’t have interfered, you’ve spoilt everything.

8.Someone must be interfering. 9. You must have interfered.10. If anything like this happens, you are to interfere at once. 11. He mustn’t interfere. 12. She can’t

have interfered, it’s not like her.
V.

(SEE UNIT 4. UNIT 12.)

I. Translate into Russian:

1. I was to wait for her at the railway station. 2. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon. 3. They were to start on Monday. 4. He was to telephone the moment she was out of danger. 5. Roses were to be planted round the pond. 6. There was to be a discussion later on. 7. We were to get there before the others. 8. He was to tell her where to find us. 9. She was to graduate that year. 10. She was to wear that dress at the graduation party. 11. He is to come here at five o’clock. 12. The train was to leave at five-fifteen.
II. Study the use of to be in the following sentences and translate them into Russian:

l. Go right in. You are to report at once. 2. The jubilee is to be celebrated sometime

this summer. 3. We were to spend a week-end with my aunt at Blackpool. 4. The

day we were to start it rained worse than ever. 5. You are not to tell the mother

about it. 6. And on no account you are to lay the table before twelve o’clock. 7. Go

straight home. And you are not to come here again. Do you understand me? 8.

You’re not to ask for it directly you see her, wait a little.
III. Use the appropriate form of the modal verb to be:

1. Sorry, I’ve got to rush. I…..to meet Mother at the station. 2. What… I to do if

she starts crying? 3. Who.. .to tell her all this? I for one don’t care to do that. 4. It

was all perfectly planned. We …. to wait on the steps. 5. Everything has been

arranged. You… not to have any wages the next six months. 6. She’s very excited

today. She .. ..to be taken to her very first party. 7. That is that. But who… to tell

her about it? 8.1 don’t like the idea…..I to stay here all the time?
IV. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1.Этой девушке суждено было стать моей матерью. 2. Я должна была

передать ему часы его отца, но он так и не пришел. 3. Худшее ещё должно

было произойти. 4. Мы должны были уехать в понедельник, но из-за болезни

поездку пришлось отложить. 5. И все это я должна сделать сама? 6.Я не знал,

кто должен быть моим попутчиком. 7. Этого следовало ожидать. 8. Было

слишком поздно что-либо менять. Всё должно было остаться как есть. 9. Вы

должны подготовить эту работу к среде. 10. Что должно выйти из этой

девочки?
V. Rephrase the sentences using the correct form of to be to:

1) The lecture is supposed to begin at eight. The lecture is to begin at eight.

2) I expect her to come and help. She is to come and help.

3) It was planned that we should wait for them at the door. We for them __________at the door.

4) It was arranged that he should meet her at the station. He ___________meet her at the station.

5) Who will take care of the children? Who take _________care of the children?

6) What am I supposed to do if they come too early? ______________________?

7) It was arranged that the youngest children would play on the beach. ________________________________________________________________.

We expect you to show the place to her. ______________________________.

9) I am expected to leave tomorrow at the latest. __________________________.

10) Where am I supposed to be taken? _________________________________?

11) This is Dora. It is arranged that she will share the room with you. ________________________________________________________________.

12) And who will do the cooking? ____________________________________?

13) It is expected that two more apartment houses will be built here. _______________________________________________________________.

14) It was arranged that the cup final would be played that afternoon. _________________________________________________________________.

15) Who will meet you at the station?___________________________________.

VI. Put in to have to or to be to.

1. She … to send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. 2. They decided that she … to send them a telegram every tenth day. 3. You … to learn all the new words for the next lesson. 4. Do you know this man? He … to be our new teacher of history. 5. Who … to go to the library to get the new books? I was, but I couldn’t because I … to finish some work at the phonetic laboratory. 6. It is raining. You … to put on your raincoat. 7. «The patient … to stay in bed for a few days,» ordered the doctor. 8. The child had stomach trouble and … to take castor oil. 9. I told her she … to open the window for a while every day. 10. The agreement was that if Johnny White could not repay the money he had borrowed, then Luke Flint … to have the right to sell the land. 11. If I don’t ring up before six o’clock, then you … to go to the concert hall alone and wait for me at the entrance. Is that clear? 12. The planters … to gather their cotton at once, as they had been warned that heavy rains were expected. 13. I … to wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak. 14. Johnny White … to borrow from Luke Flint at a high interest, for there was no one else in the district who lent money. 15. «Cheating is a very nasty thing,»‘ said the teacher, «and we … to get rid of it.»

VII. Put in tо have to or to be to:

1. Where … the lecture to take place? I suppose in the assembly hall. 2. So, our plan is as follows: I … to go to the library and bring the books. You … to look through all the material here. Later we … to work together. 3. «You … to do it alone, without anybody’s help,» she said sternly. 4. I … to help my friends with this work now, so I cannot go with you. 5. It was raining hard and we … to wait until it stopped raining. 6. 1 … to ask him about it tomorrow, as today he has already gone. 7. Why didn’t you tell me that I … to buy the books? 8. According to the order of the schoolmistress all the pupils … to return the library books before the twenty-third of May. 9. As we had agreed before, we … to meet at two o’clock to go to the stadium together. But Mike did not come. I waited for another half-hour, but then I … to leave as I was afraid to be late. 10. The meeting … to begin at five o’clock. Don’t be late.

VIII. Translate into English using the right forms of to have to или to be to:

1.Вам предстоит выучить это стихотворение к среде. 2. Мне задали выучить это стихотворение к среде. 3. Мне пришлось выучить это стихотворение к среде. 4. Мне придется выучить это стихотворение к среде. 5. Ему приходится учить это стихотворение сегодня, так как он не выучил его вчера. 6. Вам не придется учить это стихотворение. 7. Мне не пришлось учить это стихотворение. 8. Так как он выучил это стихотворение вчера, ему не нужно учить его теперь. 9. На этой неделе нам предстоит встретиться с выдающимся ученым. 10. Выхода не было, и ему пришлось заплатить штраф. 11. Мне было задано написать сочинение о творчестве Пушкина, а для этого мне пришлось перечитать некоторые из его произведений, которые я плохо помнил. 12. Мне придется посидеть дома это дни. Врач говорит, что я не должен никуда выходить, пока температура не будет нормальной. 13. Посидите здесь, пока он занят. Я думаю, вам не придется долго ждать. 14. Спектакль должен был начаться в семь часов. 15. Мы должны были отложить поездку, так как погода испортилась. 16. Если вы хотите хорошо овладеть языком, вы должны очень много читать. 17. По новому расписанию у нас будет пять уроков английского языка в неделю. 18. Мы решили, что все должны принять участие в концерте. 19. Рано или поздно вам придется пойти к врачу. 20. В будущем году мы должны начать изучение астрономии. 21. Чтобы разработать новую теорию, ученые должны были провести бесчисленные опыты.
VI.

(SEE UNIT 4. UNIT 5.)
I. Comment on the meaning of the verb need:

1.He needs sea air. 2. We don’t need anything else. 3. I need not to finish my sentence, for already know what I was going to say. 4. Need it be finished by Saturday? 5. What more do you need? 6. She need to say no more to him this evening, and risk giving herself away. 7. You needn’t have carried all these parcels yourself. The shop would have delivered if you asked them. 8. You needn’t take any more pills after next morning. 9. I must go at once, but you needn’t. 10. You needn’t have waited for me, I could have found the way all right. 11. Looking back I can see exactly how it happened. It need never have happened. 12. And he was always careful to have money in his pocket, and to be modish in his dress, so that his son need not blush for him.
II. Fill in the blanks with didn’t have to or needn’t have :

Note: didn’t have to означает, что действие не было выполнено; needn’t have означает, что действие было выполнено, но этого не надо было делать)

1. You…..(to bring) your umbrella, as we are going by car. 2. You …. (to water) the flowers, asit is going to rain. 3. I ….(to translate) it for him, he did it himself, he understands Latin. 4. I ….(to answer) the questions, which saved me a lot of trouble. 5. I knew I … (to lock) the door after me, but how was I to know you wanted to come out, too? 6. I…… (to ring) the bell because the door opened before I got to it. 7. I….. (to help) them at all, they themselves knew what to do. 8. I… (to write) him because the news was already known to him. He phoned me shortly afterwards. 9. You …..(to listen) to him. His information was misleading. 10. You… (to buy) such a lot of flowers. We’ve already got more than necessary. 11. He …..( to get up) so early every day. It was only on that particular occasion that he did. 12. You ….(to say) if you didn’t want to. We could have done without you just as well.
III. Translate into English using needn’t have / didn’t have to:

1.Мне не пришлось ему помогать, он сам справился.

Можно было бы ему и не помогать, он бы и сам справился.

2.Не нужно было вставать рано, такси будет только в 10.

Мне не пришлось вставать рано, Алекс подвез нас на своей машине.

3.Ему не понадобилось переписывать работу, она была принята сразу.

Не было необходимости переписывать работу, вы только зря потратили

время.

4.Не надо было волноваться, он пришел вовремя.

Ему не пришлось волноваться, директор сразу принял его.

IV. Supply needn’t have or didn’t have to and the correct form of the verbs in the brackets:

1. I needn’t have phoned the plumber, I learnt later than John had already phoned him. (phone)
2. I____________________________ the plumber. I knew John had already phoned him. (phone)
3. You _________________________ your umbrella after all. It hasn’t rained. (bring)
4. The forecast was for fine weather so I knew I ____________________ my umbrella. (bring)
5. I ______________________these clothes. I didn’t know they had already been washed.(wash)
6. I _______________________ a meal last night because we went out and the food I prepared was uneaten. (cook)

VII.

(SEE UNIT 4. UNIT 5. UNIT 6. UNIT 12)
I. Comment on the meaning of the verb ought. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1.I think for your wife’s and children’s sake you ought to have a try. 2. We all know that things are not always what they ought to be. 3. Have I said anything I oughtn’t? 4.” I ought to have told Soames”, he thought. 5. I suppose she is right. I oughtn’t to have tried to speak to her! 6.It’ll be lovely round there today. – Yes, it ought to be quite nice. 7. It is the last of the Madeira (wine) I had from Mr. Jolyon when we came in here; it ought to be in prime condition still.
II. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use ought (oughtn’t) followed by a correct form of the infinitive:

Example: I felt it would be only proper to follow his advice.

I felt I ought to follow his advice.

1.I knew it would be improper if I opened the letter. 2. I recommended you to finish your work before going out. 3. I advise you not to eat between meals; it will make you fat. 4. I disapprove of your smoking so much; you are wasting your money and doing harm to your health. 5. It’s a pity I didn’t take those books back to the library last week. 6. It was wrong of you not to tell our guide that you wanted to go sightseeing all by yourself. 7. You didn’t wait till the lights were green before crossing the road, and it was wrong, you know. 8. It was unreasonable of you to have crossed the road when the lights were red. 9. I wish you had been there. The performance was wonderful. 10. If he starts at eight he will probably be there by one o’clock.
III. Fill in the blanks with ought to, have to, be or need followed by the appropriate infinitive:

1. Mother always tells me that I ____________ (to be) more careful.

2. You_____________not (to tell) him telephone number, he knows it.

3. You _______________ not (to say) that! See how distressed she is.

4. I don’t want to do it, but I ____________________.

5. All the same, I think you ________________(to see) a doctor. There must be something the matter with you.

6. Don’t forget that you ______________(to get up) at seven!

7. But there was no other way out. I ________________________(to communicate) with him. No one else knew his address.

8. Such things __________________not (to be allowed).

9. You _____________________not (to write) such a long composition. The teacher only asked for 200 words, and you have written 400.

10. ‘Perhaps I __________________ not (to trouble) you.’ He closed his lips tight. He was offened.
IV. Put in the sentences with the wright form of ought to:

1. They ________________ to go to school together.
2. The child ____________________to take care of the kitten.
3. You ______________________not to quarrel with your parents.
4. ________________I to start the project alone?
5. Who _____________ to find it out?
6. I thought we _____________________________to leave immediately.
7. I think you _________________to take part in the conference next year.
8. Where ____________________________________ to look for that man?
9. You ___________________________________ never to talk to strangers.
10. My mother said that I ________________________(not) to look for troubles.

V. Are the sentences wrong or correct?

1. Mike oughts to know the truth.
2. We ought to ignore their offences.
3. Ought I to solve the problem?
4. You don’t ought to dress up for this party.
5. Do we ought to write a report?
6. How ought I to get there?
7. Who oughts to take the responsibility?
8. I realized that I didn’t ought to leave her alone.
9. The teacher said that the students ought to pass the test.
10. You oughtn`t to be so rude to women.

VIII.

(SEE UNIT 3. UNT 6. UNIT 7.)
I. Match the statements to the advice. Type the letter in the box.

1.I’ve got a headache.AYou shouldn’t sit so close to the TV.

2.I’m cold.BYou should do some exercise.

3.The game starts at three o’clock.CYou should stay in bed.

4.He’s always tired in the morning.DHe shouldn’t stay up so late.

5.I don’t feel well.EYou should put on a jumper.

6.I want to lose weight.FWe should leave at two-thirty.
II. Rewrite the sentences using the verbs in brackets followed by that… should as in the example.

Example: «Let’s go to the cinema,» they said to us (suggest). They suggested that we should go to the cinema.

1. «You must visit us,» they said to me (insist).

2. «I’ll pay for the damage,» I said to him (agree).

3. «Why don’t you sell your car?» I said to my friend (suggest).

4. «You must buy a larger dictionary,» the teacher said to me (suggest).

5. «Please, give my money back,» I said to the shop-assistant (insist).

6. «Stay in bed for a few days,» the doctor said to me (recommend).

7. «Why don’t you give up smoking?» the doctor said to him (advise).

8. «Won’t you come up?» She asked (suggest).

9. «Tell me what you would like me to do,» Ann said (propose).
III. Put «should” or “shouldn’t” in the spaces. Translate the sentences into Russian. Watch the meaning of “should”/”shouldn’t”.

1. You______ work more; you_______ miss the lessons. 2. Mothers_______ look after their children. 3. What are you doing here? You________ be in bed. It is very late. 4. That hat doesn’t suit you; you_______ buy another. 5. There are too many accidents. Everyone _____ be much more careful. 6. You_______ have followed the instructions of your coach. Then you would have won the game. 7. Tom was often late and his father told him that he _____ wake up earlier. 8. She told her children that they_______ always say “Please” and “Thank you”. 9. It is dark in the room, you switch on the light.
IV. Open the brackets using the correct form of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian:

1. I don’t feel well now. I should (remember) to take the medicine yesterday. 2. Children should (obey) their parents. 3. It’s three o’clock and I’m feeling very hungry; I should (eat) more for lunch. 4. The little boy was playing with his father’s typewriter and of course he broke it; he shouldn’t (allow) him to play with it. 5. You have a weak heart. You shouldn’t (run). 6.1 was very tired last summer and I should (take) a holiday, but there was too much work to do. 7. When he went for a walk he should (take) his umbrella, it looked like rain (but he didn’t). 8. The workmen are very slow; the job should (finish) a week ago. 9. You shouldn’t (eat) so much bread, now you’ve gained weight. 10. You shouldn’t (go) out yesterday without a coat. No wonder you caught cold. 11. You should (cross) the road by the subway (but you didn’t). 12. He should (check) that his brakes were working properly (but he didn’t). 13. You should (warn) him that the ice was dangerous (but you didn’t). 14. Tom’s had another accident. It sounds like Tom’s fault. He should (wait) till the main road was clear.

V. Fill in the blanks with “must”, “should” or “ought (to)”. Use the correct form of the infinitive.

1. Your questions surprise me, you_____ (know) this. 2. You_______ (to be) absent for such a long time. Everyone forgot you. 3. Though it is a very unpleasant mission, I feel I_______ (tell) you the truth. 4. We had a wonderful time at that party. You_________ (to be) there. 5. Let’s tell him all as it is. He_____ (understand). 6. You_______ (apologize) when you saw that his feelings were hurt. 7. She is a very experienced doctor. You________________ (to consult) her. 8. She________ (not to say) such things in the child’s presence. Now you see the results. 9.1_______ (know) that it might come to that. 10. If they had been warned in time, they_______ (be) there by now. 11. He gave you just the feeling of assurance, of confidence that a doctor______ (to give).

VI. Fill in the blanks with either “should” or “must”. Translate into Russian.

1. a) You look fresh! You______ have had a good sleep at night.

b) You look tired! You ______ have a good sleep at night.

2. a) They______ have studied the subject more thoroughly; they will regret it later on.

b) They______ have studied the subject thoroughly; they answered every question.

3. a) You______ have ignored the traffic regulations. That’s why you were fined.

b) You______ have followed the traffic regulations, then you would not have been fined.

4. a) He______ be working at his problem now.

b) He______ work at the problem, it hasn’t been solved yet.

5. a) I______ have taken Grandfather’s spectacles. I cannot see anything through them.

b) I______ have taken my opera-glasses. I don’t see anything.

VII. Use “should” or “had (to)” with the correct form of infinitive in brackets.

1. I______ (to send) a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. You_________ (to remind) me to do it earlier. 2.1______ not (to tell) him the news; he was so much upset, but I really______ (to do) so, for the circumstances demanded it. 3. The agreement was that if Johny White could not repay the money he had borrowed, then Luke Flint______ (to have) the right to sell the land. 4. It was very hard work but we________ (to do) it. 5. She________ (not to let) it pass like that, she______ (to explain) to him that he was wrong. 6. Although it was unpleasant to her, she (to tell) him that he was wrong.

VIII. Define the meaning of must, should, ought. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. You really must work harder if you want to pass your exams.

2. Dan is too tired. He should not drive really.

3.I feel sick. I should not have eaten so much ice-cream.

4. It’s a very good book. You ought to read it.

5. You must move your car. It blocks the way.

6. He ought to have passed his driving test easily.

7. Why should I do the cooking?

8. It smells of the sea. So it should. That’s the old sea wall.

9. Kate should be happy. She’s passed her exam.

10. The baby oughtn’t to play with a box of matches.
XIX. Somebody is coming to your city. What should they see and do? Use should and ought to.

1. come during white nights

2. stay at least for a week

3. book a room in advance

4. choose a hotel in the centre of the city

5. go to the suburbs such as …

6. buy souvenirs in the largest department store

7. sail in a water tram along rivers and canals

8. have a night walk along the embankment

9. visit the world famous museum Hermitage
X. Translate the sentences into English, using should, ought.

1. Вам следует еще раз обсудить это предложение.

2. Почему он должен хвалить мою работу?

3. Тебе нужно взять плащ. Может быть дождь.

4. Вам не следует курить здесь.

5. Он сделал много ошибок в диктанте. Поэтому ему нужно его переписать.

6. Дети должны были уже лечь спать.

7. Откуда мне знать, что его нет на занятиях.

8. Вам не следовало покупать эти туфли.

9. Детям следует раньше ложиться спать.

10. Им следовало бы посмотреть эту коллекцию, когда они были в Москве.

11. Вам нужно было давно сказать мне, что вам нужна эта книга.

12. Я требую, чтобы его спросили еще раз.

13. Ему не стоило бы разговаривать с боссом в таком тоне.
XI. Criticize the actions:

Model: I didn’t buy the book. — You should have bought it.

1. She took the child to the pictures. 2. We forgot to leave a message for her. 3.

We didn’t wait for them. 4. So I told her to her face that she was not welcome here.

4. I haven’t seen the film. I was too busy to go. 5. I’m afraid I ate too much

yesterday evening. 6.1 didn’t have a pen and I wrote it down in pencil. 7.1 bought

a pair of expensive red shoes yesterday. 8. She loves Tom but she married Bill.

IX.

(See UNIT 7. UNIT 8. UNIT 9. UNIT 10)

I. Comment of the modal colouring of the following sentences:

1. You shall not search my rooms. You have no right to do it. I forbid you! 2. He hasn’t seen you and he shan’t. 3. The police shall take you up. 4. All right; if she wants to be opened up, she shall be. 5. You shall go up and down and round the town in a taxi every day. 6. You shall have all the news I can send you. 7. ‘Shall I order a taxi?’ he asked. 8. That shall be put an end to now and for ever.
II. Which is correct:

1.’Did you phone Ruth?’ ‘Oh? No,

I phone/I’ll phone her now.’

2. I can’t meet you tomorrow afternoon. I’m playing/I’ll play tennis.

3. ‘I meet/I’ll meet you outside the hotel in half an hour, OK?’ ‘Yes, that’s fine.’

4.‘I need some money.’ ‘OK, I’m lending/I’ll you some. How much do you need?’

5. I’m having/I’ll have a party next Friday. I hope you can come.

6. ‘Remember to buy a newspaper when you go out.’ ‘OK. I don’t forget/I won’t forget.’

7. What time does your train leave/will your train leave tomorrow evening?

8. I asked Sue what happened but she doesn’t tell/won’t tell me.

9. ‘Are you doing/Will you do anything tomorrow?’ ‘No, I’m free. Why?’

10. I don’t want to go out alone. Do you come/Will you come with me?

11/ It’s a secret between us. I promise I don’t tell/I won’t tell anybody.

III. Translate the sentences into English using should or would:

1.Он предложил, чтобы собрание было назначено на пятницу. 2. Мы спросили маму, не возражает ли она против поездки за город на машине. 3. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы ты не спорила с отцом. 4. С какой стати я стану ему помогать? Он просто ленится и все может сделать сам. 5. Удивительно, как некоторые дети невнимательны к своим родителям! 6. Не будете ли вы любезны немного подождать? Ваши документы еще не готовы. 7. Нам хотелось бы узнать некоторые детали, но он не стал ничего обсуждать с нами. Мы были разочарованы. 8. Принести вам стакан воды? – Да, если вы будете так любезны. 9. Если она вдруг спросит вас об этом, скажите, что я обо всем напишу. 10. Я, пожалуй, почитаю с полчасика перед сном. У меня интересная книга. 11. Как я ни старался, ящик не выдвигался. 12. Детям следовало бы остаться дома. 13. Зачем мне делать то, что мне не нравится? – Неважно, нравится ли тебе это или нет. 14. Доктор настаивает на том, чтобы она строго соблюдала диету.
IV. What do you say in the situations. Write sentences with shall I…? or shall we…?

1. You and your friend want to do something this evening but you don’t know what. You ask your friend: What shall we do this evening?
2. You try on a jacket in a shop. You are not sure whether to buy it or no. You ask your friend:_____________________________________?
3. You and your friend are going on holiday together but you haven’t decided where. You ask him:_____________________________________?
4. You and your friend are going out. You haven’t decided whether to go by car or to walk. You ask:____________________________________?
5. Your friend wants you to phone later. You don’t know what time to phone. You ask:__________________________________________?

11. Когда вы должны бытьв университете завтра? 12. Мне надо идти тудасейчас?II1. Вам придётся написать ему ещё раз. 2. Импришлось долго ждать автобуса. 3. Я должен былокончить работу вчера, но не смог этого сделать.4. Чья очередь (turn)? Кто должен идти за водой?5. Тебе придётся взять пальто. Становится хо­лоднее. 6.

Было уже поздно, и нам пришлось по­ехать на метро. 7. Подожди немного, я должнадочитать главу до конца. 8. Вам придётся зайтипозже. Её ещё нет. 9. Тебе обязательно надо ехатьсегодня? 10. Когда он должен приехать? 11. Отецне разрешает ей приходить домой поздно, онадолжна быть дома к девяти часам каждый вечер.12. Вчера вечером автобус был полупустой (halfempty), и мне не пришлось стоять.4.1 Must — to Express Probability,Near CertaintyIn its second meaning must denotes probability or supposition bordering on assurance, almost a conviction(probably, obviously, evidently).

We use must or must have (done), when we are fairly sure that somethingis the case. In this meaning it is used in affirmative sentences only.|iДолжно быть,вероятно□□□do it—be doing—have donehave been doingHe must +He must be at home at this hour.Oh! You must be Sylvia’s husband.We must have taken the wrong road.109PresentPastMODALVERBSIn negative sentences and sentences referring to the future supposition is expressed by means of themodal words evidently, probably.□ Evidently, she didn’t know my address.□ She will probably come tomorrow.□ She is not likely to come so late.Com pare the Following Patterns:ГTIME OF THE ACTIONPRESENTPASTFUTURENECESSITYNEAR CERTAINTYMust waitДолжен ждатьMust knowДолжен знатьMust be waitingДолжно быть, ждётMust knowДолжно быть, знаетHad to waitДолжен был ждатьПришлось ждатьHad to knowДолжен был знатьНадо было знатьMust + have been waitingДолжно быть, ждалMust + have waitedДолжно быть, подождалMust have knownДолжно быть, знал^Will have to waitПридётся ждатьWill have to helpПридётся помочь—-….___________________10(A, B) In the following statements of near certainty change the form of the Infinitive to refer tothe past.

Add appropriate time references.(Model?) □□They must know him.Должно быть, они его знают.They must be waiting for you.Должно быть, они ждут вас.They must have known him, then.Должно быть, они его знали.They must have been waiting for you yesterday.Должно быть, они ждали вас вчера.1.It must be raining.4.They must be always trying to help him.2.She must be pleased about it.5.She must know nothing about it.3.She must be really fond of you.6.She must be out shopping.110MUST7.This must be the prettiest garden in the village.9.8.She must be the youngest child in her class.10.

The children must be at school now.12(В, C) Write comments with must after thefollowing sentences.(В, C) Paraphrase the following sentences,using must + Infinitive to express near certainty.Use the Simple Infinitive when speaking about thepresent, the Perfect Infinitive when speaking aboutthe past.(JVIodelf) □□Somebody must be trying to get you on the phone.1.2.Of course, he is somewhere here. — *1He must be somewhere here.Certainly, she knew that somethingwas wrong.

— She must have knownthat something was wrong.You have not eaten for the whole day? (you/starve) You must be starving.They have been travelling all night? (they/beexhausted)3.He has passed his exam? (he/delighted)4.Your wife is in hospital? (you/very worried)5.Your son has won a scholarship? (you/veryproud of him)1.la m sure the information was wrong.2.She was obviously upset by something.3.Probably, he recognized you by your photo inthe papers.(В, C) Open the brackets, using the correctform of the Infinitive.

Translate the sentences intoRussian.4.He is sure to be in at this time.5.Of course, she is trying to help you.6.She is certain to be waiting for you at home.7.Probably, the play is over by now.8.There is nobody in. Evidently, they have goneshopping.9.No doubt, she knew what she was about to do.1. George must (b e )………………. pleased that hehas passed his examination. 2. I found this babybird at the foot of the tree.

It must (fa ll)………………..out from a nest. 3. If Fred left here at four o ’clock,he must (b e ) ………………….home by now. 4. Look,there’s a tree right across the road! It must (be)…………………. blown down by the gale last night.5. I sat on a seat in the park and now my coat iscovered with green stripes. The paint must (be)…………………wet.

6 . 1don’t know at what time I wentto bed last night, but it was late. It must (be)…………………. after midnight. 7. Look, the streetsare wet; it must (ra in )…………………now. 8. He must( b e ) ………………….very careless if he makes suchmistakes. 9. The baby woke up when she went intothe bedroom. She must (m ake)…………………noise.10. The taxi-driver got to the airport in half an hour.He must (d rive )…………………very fast.

11. He nevergot the letter. I must (send)………………..to the wrongaddress.10. I’m sure she is very fond of the child.11. They are sure to have taken the wrong turning.12. Probably, the dog was hungry.13111MODAL14(A, B) Make assumptions. Complete thesentences, using the words from the box. Translatethe sentences into Russian.can’tmustmightVERBS15(В, C) We are all consumers and shouldknow our rights.

Fill in may, must, can in theConsumer Protection Act.§223. A m erchant……………………….show the priceclearly on everything in his store.have done§224. No merchant, m anufacturer, advertiser………………………… charge more than theadvertised price.1. Someone ate all the chocolate cakes before the§231. No merchant, m anufacturer, advertiserparty started………………………… advertise a product whenJ o h n …………………………………………………it, he wasn’the doesn’t have enough in stock.there.§248. No commercial advertising……………………….D o ris …………………………………….be directed at people under 13 years at age……………..it, she likes chocolatevery much.F re d ……………………………………..(В, C) Translate the following negative…………

it, he’s got chocolate allsentencesinto English.over his face.16(M o d e llT ) □2. Someone stole $1,000,000 from the bank.Anna …………………………………………………….. it, shewanted to buy a big new house.T hom as………………………………………………….. it, he’dnever do a thing like that.D iana………………………………………………….

it, she ranaway to South America last night.3. Someone broke the window in the neighbour’shouse.C hristine………………………………………………….. it, shewas at home all day.P au l………………………………………………….. it, he’s gotbits of glass in his hair.The b o y s ………………………………………………….

it, theywere playing football near there.Она, должно быть, не дала ему1возможности возразить.She must have given him noopportunity to object.1.Должно быть, он не сделал ошибки.2.Должно быть, они не обедали.3.Должно быть, она не имела опыта.4.Должно быть, он не дал ответа.5.Должно быть, они не принимают мер.6.Должно быть, она не обращает внимания наэто.7.Должно быть, у них нет книг.8.Он, должно быть, не получил ответа.9.Должно быть, денег за работу они не получили.10.Она, должно быть, не старалась (take thetrouble) сделать это правильно.112MUST(«Model 2Г) □□Должно быть, он об этом не знал.Evidently, he didn’t know about it.Он, вероятно, не знает.He probably doesn’t know.1.Должно быть, они ещё не пришли.2.Вероятно, они этого не знают.3.По-видимому, это не было сделано вовремя.4.Вероятно, это не здесь.5.Это, должно быть, не заняло много времени.6.Должно быть, он не придёт завтра.(С) Translate the sentences.1.

Должно быть, он хорошо знает язык. 2. Должнобыть, он ещё здесь. 3. По-видимому, он унёсбумаги с собой. 4. Очевидно, здесь уже кто-то был.5. Вероятно, они над нами смеются. 6. Должнобыть, они тогда жили здесь. 7. Должно быть, идётдождь. 8. Вероятно, дождь уже прекратился.9. Должно быть, он как раз чинил пробки (fuse).18(В, С) Translate into English, using the verbto have in its modal meaning.1.2.3.4.5.6.Мне сейчас приходится много работать, таккак я болела и отстала от группы.Вам придется поговорить с ним лично.Нам пришлось переждать дождь на станции.Я вынужден был извиниться, хотя мне этобыло неприятно.К н и гу н е о б хо д и м о п е р е п л е сти , иначенекоторые страницы могут потеряться.Вам приходится очень рано вставать, не так ли?4.2 Revision(В, С) Paraphrase the sentences, using the verb must.1.

Probably, that building in the distance is the station. That building in the distance m ust be thestation. 2. The boy was evidently reading something funny. He was smiling all the time. 3. They have mostlikely not realized what opportunity they were losing. 4 . 1shan’t bother you any longer; no doubt you aretired of my talking. 5. I see something is eating him. He looks worried. 6. It was clear the family wereexpecting some guests: Mother was bustling about the house tidying up the rooms.

7. He surely did not findout the real reason for their silence. 8 . 1am sure he has got all he needed.(В, C) Combine the verb must with the proper form of the Infinitive in brackets.1 .1feel I must (to d o )…………………….. something before it is too late. 2. You must (to follow )……………………….my advice.

There is no other way out for you. 3. “The hotels must (to d o ) ………………………. a tremendousbusiness,” old Jolyon thought. “A few years ago there had been none of these big hotels.» 4. She must (tobe) ………………………….. a n g ry w ith you. S he d o e s n o t even lo o k in y o u r d ire c tio n . 5. S he m u s t (to g e t)………………………. angry with me. She left without saying good-bye. 6. Mary must (to b e ) …………………………ill, otherwise she would have come. 7. She turned pale. She must (get frig h te n e d )………………………….(В, C) Translate the sentences from Russian into English.1. Я должна прочесть эту книгу. 2.